Izifundo zehadiwe ye-PC: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Wekhompyutha

Ukunakekela ikhompyutha yakho kahle akukhona nje ukuthi ivuleke ngokushesha noma isebenze kahle uma uvula imidlalo nezinhlelo. I-PC ingumshini we-elekthronikhi oyinkimbinkimbi ohilela... izingxenye eziningi zehadiwe ezisebenza ndawonyeFuthi uma ungaziqondi okungenani kancane, kulula ukwenza izinqumo zokuthenga ezimbi, ukwandisa okungenamsebenzi, noma ukumane unciphise isikhathi sokuphila kwemishini ngenxa yokunganakekelwa kahle.

Kulo mhlahlandlela sizohlola ngokuphelele ihadiwe ye-PC (bheka i- Umhlahlandlela ophelele wokuhlaziywa kwehadiwe ye-PCSizoxoxa ngakho konke kusukela endleleni ulwazi olumelelwa ngayo ngama-bits nama-byte kuya emsebenzini we-motherboard, i-microprocessor, imemori, ama-disk, nama-port. Sizobona nokuthi kungani lubaluleke kangaka. ukwenza ukulungiswa nokuhlanza njalo kwekhompyutha ukugwema ukulahlekelwa ukusebenza, umsindo omkhulu kanye nokuphazamiseka okubangelwa ukushisa nokungcola.

Indlela ikhompyutha esiqonda ngayo: kusukela olimini lwabantu kuya kolwesibili

Ikhompyutha “ayiqondi” izinhlamvu noma amagama njengoba siwabona esikrinini; empeleni, konke kuncike ekutheni ugesi odlulayo noma ongadluli ezigidini zezinkinobho ezincane kuhlanganiswe kuma-microchip.

Lezi zishintshi ze-elekthronikhi zinezimo ezimbili kuphela ezingaba khona: ukuvulwa noma ukuvalwa, okuhambisana ne- 1 noma 0 ohlelweni lwe-binaryNgayinye yalezi zifundazwe ibizwa ngokuthi i-bit, okuyiyunithi encane kakhulu yolwazi engayisingatha i-PC.

Njengoba i-bit eyodwa imelela ulwazi oluncane, ziqoqwe ngamaqoqo ama-bits angu-8 ukuze zakhe i- i-byte, elingana nohlamvu, inombolo, noma ngisho nesikhala esingenaluthoUkusuka lapho, kusetshenziswa ama-multiples: i-kilobyte (KB), i-megabyte (MB), i-gigabyte (GB) noma i-terabyte (TB), lapho isinyathelo ngasinye sisekelwe emandleni angu-2 (isibonelo, i-1 KB ingu-1024 bytes, hhayi i-1.000).

Ukuze izinhlamvu, izimpawu, nezinombolo esizisebenzisayo zimelelwe ngesimo se-binary, izinhlelo zokubhala amakhodi ezifana ne- Ikhodi ye-ASCII, enikeza uhlamvu ngalunye inhlanganisela yama-bits angu-8Ngakho-ke, uma ucindezela ukhiye u-A kukhibhodi, empeleni uthumela i-microprocessor ukulandelana okuthile kwama-ones nama-zero amelela lolo hlamvu.

Isivinini lapho le datha ihamba khona silinganiswa kusetshenziswa ama-byte noma ama-bits ngomzuzwana: Ama-B/s, KB/s, MB/s noma ama-Gb/s kanye nama-Mbps, ama-Kbps, njll.Kufanele uqaphele kakhulu ukuthi iyunithi ingama-bits (oonobumba abancane b) noma ama-byte (oonobumba abakhulu B), ngoba i-1 MB/s ayifani ne-1 Mbps: ngezinombolo, i-1 MB/s ilingana ne-8 Mbps.

Amayunithi okugcina kanye nokulinganisa isivinini

Ekubaleni, uma sikhuluma "ngomthamo" wedivayisi, sikhuluma ngenani eliphelele amabhayithi angawagcina ngaphakathiNjengoba i-byte incane kakhulu, kusetshenziswa ama-multiples ayo: i-KB, i-MB, i-GB noma i-TB, ozowathola kuma-hard drive, ama-SSD, ama-USB drive, njll.

Isibonelo, umbhalo olula kakhulu onesisindo esingu-1 KB wakhiwe yi- Izinhlamvu ezingu-1024, izikhala, noma izinomboloIfayela lama-megabyte amaningana selivele liqukethe ulwazi oluphindwe kazinkulungwane, njalo njalo. Uma idivayisi ingagcina ama-byte amaningi, kulapho amandla ayo eba makhulu khona.

Ngokuphathelene nesivinini, izinto ziyashintsha. Ukuze kulinganiswe isivinini lapho idatha idluliselwa khona, amayunithi anjenge I-KB/s, MB/s, GB/s, ekuxhumaneni kwenethiwekhi, i-Kbps kanye ne-MbpsKulula kakhulu ukudideka lapha uma ungazinaki izifinyezo, ikakhulukazi uma ubhalisela uxhumano lwe-inthanethi.

Ngaphezu kwesivinini sokudlulisa, ku-hardware kuvamile kakhulu ukukhuluma ngakho imvamisa, evezwa ku-hertz (Hz), MHz noma GHzLe yunithi ikhombisa ukuthi ingxenye iphinda kangaki ngomzuzwana umsebenzi othize, njenge-"tick-tock" yewashi langaphakathi le-CPU elibeka ijubane lapho imiyalelo isetshenziswa khona.

Uma kuthiwa i-microprocessor isebenza ku-3 GHz, kusho ukuthi ingakwazi ukusebenza imijikelezo yewashi eyizigidigidi ezintathu ngomzuzwanaKumjikelezo ngamunye ingenza inani elithile lomsebenzi kuye ngokwakhiwa kwayo, inani lama-core, usayizi we-cache, njll.

Izici ezinquma isivinini sekhompyutha

Ijubane le-PC alixhomekile engxenyeni eyodwa yesimangaliso; kungumphumela wendlela izinto eziningana ezisebenzisana ngayo, njenge- i-microprocessor, imemori ye-RAM, ibhasi ledatha, kanye neyunithi yokugcina.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-CPU ngayinye iklanyelwe ukusebenza nge-bandwidth ethile yangaphakathi, okungukuthi, ngenani elithile lama-bits ngesikhathi (ama-bits angu-16, 32, noma angu-64). Uma ingakwazi ukusingatha ama-bits amaningi ngasikhathi sinye, Icubungula inani elikhulu lolwazi emjikelezweni ngamunye.Namuhla, cishe bonke abaprosesa basekhaya bane-64-bit.

Iwashi langaphakathi lesistimu lisetha imvamisa yokusebenza futhi linquma ukuthi i-CPU ikwazi ukwenza imijikelezo emingaki ngomzuzwana. Iprosesa engu-2 MHz ingasebenza cishe imiyalelo eyizigidi ezimbili ngomzuzwana ngesikhathi sazo; ezamanje, ezine-GHz eziningana nama-core amaningi, zidlula kakhulu leso sibalo.

Ngaphezu kwemakrofoni, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi Ibhasi ledatha lisebenza njengomgwaqo omkhulu lapho ulwazi luhamba khona. phakathi kwezingxenye ezahlukene: inkumbulo, idiski, ikhadi lehluzo, njll. Inani lama-bits elingawathwala ngokulingana (umkhawulokudonsa walo) kanye nemvamisa esebenza ngayo kuthonya ngqo isivinini salokhu kushintshana.

Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza kweqembu lonke kunqunywa yizici eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa: inani lamabhithi angaphakathi e-microcontroller, imvamisa yewashi layo, ububanzi kanye nesivinini sebhasi ledatha, kanye nenani le-RAM etholakalayoIngxenye eyodwa enamandla kakhulu ngeke ikhokhele isithiyo kokunye.

Ikesi le-PC kanye nokunikezwa kwamandla

Into yokuqala esiyibonayo ngekhompyutha yedeskithophu ngumbhoshongo, kodwa hhayi nje ukuthi ubuhle, ukukhetha icala kuthonya kakhulu umoya wangaphakathi kanye nendawo yokufaka amayunithi namafeni.

Ibhokisi elincane linezindawo zokushayela ezimbalwa, izikhala ezimbalwa zokwengeza amafeni, futhi livame ukukhuthaza ukwakheka kokushisa nothuli. Umbhoshongo ophakathi noma omkhulu wenza kube lula ukuhamba komoya kanye nokuphathwa kwekhebula, okuzogcina isikhathi eside. Kunciphisa izinga lokushisa kanye nomsindo wesistimu..

Kanye nekesi, ukunikezwa kwamandla kungenye ingxenye ebalulekile futhi evame ukunganakwa. Umsebenzi wayo guqula i-alternating current evela kuma-mains (220V) ibe ama-voltage aqondile aphansi (ngokuvamile +5V kanye +12V) izingxenye ze-PC ezingazisebenzisa ngaphandle kokulimala.

Ukunikezwa kukagesi okungekuhle noma okungenamandla anele kungabangela ukuqala kabusha, ukuminyana, umsindo kagesi, ngisho nomonakalo kwezinye izingxenye. Yingakho kunconywa ukukhetha ukuphakelwa kukagesi okunesitifiketi sokusebenza kahle, amandla anele kanye nokuvikelwa kwangaphakathi ngokumelene nama-voltage spikes, ama-short circuits, njll.

Ibhodi lomama, ama-slots kanye ne-chipset

Ibhodi lomama "liyisikele" lapho lonke uhlelo lwakhiwe khona. Iprosesa, imemori, ama-hard drive, ikhadi lehluzo, namanye amakhadi okunweba axhunywe kulo, futhi ngenxa yemikhondo yangaphakathi yalo. Lonke ulwazi olushintshaniswa phakathi kwezingxenye luyajikeleza..

Ibhodi lomama ngalinye lenzelwe ukuhambisana nomndeni othize wama-processor (uhlobo lwesokhethi) kanye nesethi yobuchwepheshe (inkumbulo esekelwayo, izinhlobo ze-port, njll.). Ngakho-ke, lapho uhlanganisa noma uthuthukisa ikhompyutha, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-motherboard, iprosesa, i-RAM namakhadi kuyahambisana.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinhlobo ezahlukene zezikhala kanye nezixhumi ziye zaba khona kumabhodi e-motherboard. Phakathi kwezibaluleke kakhulu yilezi ezilandelayo: Izikhala ze-PCI kanye ne-PCI Express (PCIe), ezisetshenziselwa umsindo, inethiwekhi, amakhadi okuthwebula noma amakhadi ehluzokanye nama-socket athile amamojula enkumbulo, njenge-DIMM. Namuhla, cishe zonke izinhlobo zesimanje zisebenzisa i-PCIe.

Sekuyiminyaka eminingi, izixhumi ze-IDE noma ze-PATA zazisetshenziswa ukuxhuma amadrayivu okugcina isitoreji, kodwa lezi manje seziphelelwe yisikhathi kuma-PC anamuhla. Esikhundleni salokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe Amachweba e-SATA, avumela isivinini sokudlulisa esiphezulu kanye nezintambo ezincane neziphathekayo. Amanye amadivayisi afaka nezixhumi ze-SATA zangaphandle zama-hard drive aphathekayo.

Ngaphakathi kwebhodi lomama, iningi le-logic yokulawula liqoqwe kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-chipset. Leli sethi lamasekethe Ixhumanisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-CPU, inkumbulo, amabhasi okunweba, kanye namachweba ahlukahlukene. (i-USB, i-PCIe, njll.), futhi ngokuyinhloko inquma ukusebenza kanye namathuba okukhulisa imishini.

Ikhwalithi kanye nezici ze-chipset kunquma izici ezifana nenani eliphezulu le-RAM elisekelwayo, inani lemizila ye-PCIe, ukuhambisana nobuchwepheshe obuthile bokugcina, futhi, ngokuvamile, ukusebenza kwangempela okungacindezelwa kusuka kuprosesa efakiwe.

Izilawuli nezinhlobo zesikhombikubona sesitoreji

Inani elikhulu ledatha elihamba njalo kwi-PC lidinga izingxenye ezikhethekile ukuphatha ithrafikhi eya nokubuya kumadivayisi athile. Lezi zingxenye zaziwa ngokuthi izilawuli noma izixhumi zehadiwe.

Isilawuli sinesibopho sokuxhumanisa ukugeleza kolwazi phakathi kwesistimu (ikakhulukazi i-CPU nememori) kanye nedivayisi ethile: ama-hard drive, ama-optical drive, amakhadi okunweba, noma ngisho nama-port angaphandleZingafakwa kubhodi lomama uqobo noma zibe yingxenye yedivayisi exhunyiwe.

Phakathi kwezindinganiso ezaziwa kakhulu yi-IDE, i-EIDE, i-ATA, i-Serial ATA (SATA), kanye ne-UltraDMA yama-hard drive endabuko, kanye ne-SCSI kanye ne-FireWire yamadivayisi asebenza kahle kakhulu. Ngayinye isebenzisa eyayo. inhlanganisela efanelekile yesixhumi, ikhebula kanye nephrothokholi yokuxhumanaokudinga ukusebenzisa isilawuli esifanele esimweni ngasinye.

Kulezi zinsuku, kumakhompyutha asekhaya, kuvamile ukuthi ama-hard drive amaningi asebenzise Ukuxhumeka kwe-SATA kuyindinganiso, kuyilapho i-SCSI ne-FireWire zibekwe ezindaweni ezithile. noma zithathelwe indawo kakhulu yi-PCIe kanye ne-USB enesivinini esikhulu.

Ibhethri le-ROM, i-BIOS kanye ne-motherboard

Ukuze i-PC iqalise kahle uma inkinobho yokuvula icindezelwe, idinga ukuba nemiyalelo eyisisekelo etholakala njalo, ngisho noma ikhompyutha icishiwe. Ngokwesiko, lokhu kwakunikezwa yi- Imemori ye-ROM, imemori yokufunda kuphela lapho umenzi aqopha khona uhlelo lwe-boot encane efektri.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-ROM yakudala ithathelwe indawo izinhlelo eziguquguqukayo ezifana I-BIOS (Uhlelo Lokufaka/Lokukhipha Oluyisisekelo) noma i-firmware yamanje ye-UEFIezisagcinwa kuma-chip angaguquki, kodwa zivumela ukuguqulwa kwamapharamitha athile okucushwa kwehadiwe.

I-BIOS igcina idatha ebalulekile: uhlobo lweprosesa, ukucushwa kwememori, izici zediski, i-boot order, usuku nesikhathi, njll. Ukuze kuvinjelwe lokhu kucushwa ukuthi kungalahleki lapho ikhompyutha icishiwe, ibhodi lomama lifaka ibhethri elincane (i-accumulator) eligcina leyo memori inamandla.

Uma ibhethri liphela, uphawu oluvamile ukuthi idivayisi ikhohlwa isikhathi nosuku noma ibuyela njalo kuzilungiselelo zasefekthri, okudinga ibhethri elisha. Kuyindlela yokulungisa elula futhi engabizi, kodwa ngaphandle kwalelo bhethri... Kungadingeka ukuthi siphinde silungiselele i-BIOS njalo uma sivula i-PC.

I-RAM, i-cache, kanye nememori ebonakalayo

Imemori eyinhloko, noma i-RAM (Random Access Memory), yilapho ikhompyutha igcina khona idatha nezinhlelo ezisebenzisayo njengamanje. Ngokungafani ne-hard drive, i-RAM iyi- inkumbulo eguquguqukayo: okuqukethwe kwayo kuyalahleka lapho ikhompyutha icishiwe.

Uma sivula uhlelo, uhlelo lokusebenza lukopisha imiyalelo yalo kanye nedatha kusuka kudrayivu yokugcina kuya ku-RAM, ngoba ishesha kakhulu. Ukusuka lapho, i-CPU ingakwazi funda futhi ubhale ulwazi ngesivinini esikhulu ngenkathi isofthiwe isebenza.

Uma ukhetha amamojula enkumbulo, kunezingcezu ezimbili ezibalulekile zolwazi: umthamo ophelele (isibonelo, 8 GB, 16 GB, 32 GB…) kanye izinga lokuvama noma lokudluliswa kwedatha elilinganiswa nge-MHzUma sine-RAM eningi, kulapho singaba nezinhlelo eziningi ezivuleka ngesikhathi esisodwa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-virtual memory, futhi lapho imvamisa yayo iphakama (kanye nokubambezeleka okuphansi), kulapho ukusebenza kwayo kuba ngcono khona.

Kungenzeka ukwandisa i-RAM ngokungeza amamojula engeziwe, uma nje i-motherboard ivumela futhi engohlobo olufanele (DDR2, DDR3, DDR4, DDR5, njll.). Uma amamojula anejubane elihlukile exutshwe, Zonke zizosebenza ngesivinini se-ehamba kancane kakhulu.Ngakho-ke, kuyalulekwa ukusebenzisa izinkumbulo ezifanayo ngangokunokwenzeka.

Ngaphezu kwe-RAM eyinhloko, amaprosesa anamuhla afaka amazinga amaningana enkumbulo ye-cache (L1, L2, kanye ne-L3). inkumbulo esheshayo kakhulu kodwa enamandla aphansi, etholakala ngaphakathi kwe-microchip uqobo, lapho kugcinwa khona idatha nemiyalelo i-CPU eyidingayo njalo.

I-cache ye-L1 incane kakhulu futhi ishesha kakhulu, itholakala eduze kwama-cores, ngosayizi ojwayelekile wamakhulu ambalwa e-KB nge-core. I-cache ye-L2 inkulu kancane futhi ihamba kancane, kanti i-cache ye-L3 enkulu nakakhulu yabelana ngolwazi phakathi kwama-cores amaningana. Ngenxa yalolu hlobo lokuhlelwa, iprosesa ingakwazi Okokuqala hlola i-cache futhi uma ingakutholi okufunayo, sebenzisa i-RAMokuyinto ehamba kancane.

Uma i-RAM ebonakalayo inganele, uhlelo lokusebenza lusebenzisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi imemori ebonakalayo. Lokhu kuyasetshenziswa. ukugcina ingxenye yesikhala se-hard drive noma se-SSD ukuze uyisebenzise njengokungathi yi-RAM eyengeziweIfayela eliphatha lesi sikhala laziwa ngokuthi ifayela le-paging.

Imemori ebonakalayo ivimbela ikhompyutha ukuthi iphelelwe isikhala sokuvula izinhlelo, kodwa kuza ngezindleko: idiski ihamba kancane kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa ne-RAM, ngakho-ke Idivayisi iba buthaka futhi yephuze ukusabela uma isetshenziswa kabi.Uma ulwazi lushintshaniswa njalo phakathi kwe-RAM nediski, kufanelekile ukucabangela ukwandisa inkumbulo ebonakalayo.

I-microprocessor: inhliziyo ye-PC

I-microprocessor noma i-CPU (i-Central Processing Unit) empeleni, "ubuchopho" bekhompyutha. Yiyona ingxenye ephethe ukwenza yonke imisebenzi enengqondo neyezibalo, kanye nokuxhumanisa umsebenzi wezingxenye zehadiwe ezisele.

Ngaphakathi, i-CPU ihlukaniswe ngamayunithi amaningana, phakathi kwawo okulandelayo kuvelele: iyunithi ye-arithmetic logic (ALU) kanye neyunithi yokulawulaI-ALU inesibopho sokwenza imisebenzi yokuhlanganisa, ukususa, ukuphindaphinda, ukuhlukanisa, kanye neyokucabanga ngezinombolo ezimbili eziphathwa uhlelo.

Iyunithi yokulawula, yona, inquma ukulandelana kwemiyalelo esetshenziswayo, iqapha ukweqa kohlelo, futhi iqondise ukunyakaza kwedatha phakathi kwe-cache, i-RAM, kanye namarejista angaphakathi ahlukahlukene eprosesa. Ndawonye, ​​lokhu kuvumela i-CPU ukuthi... sebenza izigidi noma izigidigidi zemiyalelo ngomzuzwana, ngokuya ngemvamisa yewashi layo.

Uma ukhetha iprosesa, kunezici eziningana okufanele uzicabangele: uhlobo oluthile kanye nokukhiqiza (umndeni we-Intel, i-AMD, njll.), isokhethi ehambisana nebhodi lomama, amaza esisekelo kanye ne-turbo, inani lama-cores kanye nemicu, usayizi we-cache, kanye nokwakhiwa kwe-64-bitZonke lezi zici zithonya ukusebenza kwayo emisebenzini ethile. Uma unentshisekelo ku-architecture ye-ARM, hlola eyethu Umhlahlandlela weprosesa ye-Snapdragon we-PC.

I-microprocessor ikhiqiza ukushisa okukhulu lapho isebenza, ngakho-ke idinga uhlelo oluhle lokupholisa. Kungumkhuba ovamile ukufaka i- i-heatsink ye-aluminium noma yethusi enefeni phezu kwe-CPUukusebenzisa i-thermal paste phakathi kwalezi zinto ezimbili ukuthuthukisa ukudluliselwa kokushisa ku-metal block.

Uma ukhulisa imvamisa yokusebenza (i-overclock) ngaphandle kokuthuthukisa ukupholisa, izinga lokushisa le-CPU lingakhuphuka kakhulu, okubangela ukungazinzi, ukuphahlazeka, ngisho nomonakalo ohlala njalo. Yingakho kubalulekile. Gada amazinga okushisa futhi ugcine i-heatsink kanye nefeni kuhlanzekile othulini..

Amachweba ekhompyutha nezixhumi

Ukuze ixhumane nomhlaba wangaphandle, i-PC inamachweba amaningi nezixhumi, ngayinye eyenzelwe uhlobo oluthile lwe-peripheral noma isignali. Zonke zisebenza njenge izindawo zokufaka kanye nokuphuma kolwazi phakathi kwekhompyutha namanye amadivayisi.

Phakathi kwamachweba avame kakhulu kukhona izixhumi zomsindo (ngokuvamile ama-minijack anombala) ezikhulumi, imakrofoni, kanye neminye imishini yomsindo. Amachweba e-PS/2, aklanyelwe ngqo [okungacacile - mhlawumbe "i-digital console" noma "i-digital console"], nawo ayekhona iminyaka eminingi. Ukuxhuma ikhibhodi negundane, yize namuhla sekunyamalele cishe esikhundleni se-USB.

I-port ye-USB (Universal Serial Bus) iyindinganiso evelele kumakhompyutha anamuhla. Ikuvumela ukuthi uxhume amagundane, amakhibhodi, amaphrinta, ama-flash drive, ama-hard drive angaphandle, kanye namanye amadivayisi amaningi. Izinguqulo ezisakazeke kakhulu ziye zaba I-USB 2.0 (enezixhumi ezimnyama) kanye ne-USB 3.0 (ngokuvamile eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka)ngayinye inesivinini sokudlulisa esiphezulu kuneyangaphambilini.

Imbobo ye-Ethernet (RJ45) isetshenziselwa ukuxhumana kwenethiwekhi, okuvumela i-PC ukuthi ixhume kuma-router, amaswishi, noma ngqo kwi-ONT yomqhubi. Amadivayisi amaningi afaka nama-port e-SATA angaphandle kwama-hard drive kanye nezixhumi zesivinini esikhulu njenge I-FireWire, eyayisetshenziswa kakhulu kumakhamera evidiyo nakumadivayisi ochwepheshe.

Ngasohlangothini lwevidiyo, sithola izixhumi ze-VGA (analog, blue), i-DVI, i-HDMI, noma, emishinini yesimanje, i-DisplayPort. I-HDMI isithandwa kakhulu ngoba Idlulisa isithombe nomsindo wedijithali onencazelo ephezulu ngekhebula elifanayookwenza kube kuhle kakhulu kuma-monitor namathelevishini.

Kanye namachweba angokoqobo, ukuxhumana okuningi kwesimanje kusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obungenantambo. Ama-laptop avame ukufaka lokhu njengokwejwayelekile. Amamojula e-Wi-Fi ne-Bluetooth okuxhuma kumanethiwekhi kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezingenantambo, futhi esikhathini esidlule ama-infrared ports ayesetshenziswa nasekudluliseni kwebanga elifushane.

Amapheripheral: okokufaka, okukhiphayo, nokugcina

Noma iyiphi idivayisi yangaphandle exhunywe kwikhompyutha esetshenziselwa ukufaka idatha, ukuthola imiphumela, noma kokubili, ibhekwa njenge-peripheral. Igundane, ikhibhodi, iphrinta, i-monitor, iskena, ama-headphone, kanye nama-USB flash drive kuyizibonelo ezicacile ze-peripherals. izakhi ezandisa amakhono e-PC futhi zivumele umsebenzisi ukuthi asebenzisane nayo.

Amadivayisi okufaka asetshenziselwa ukuthumela ulwazi kukhompyutha (isibonelo, ikhibhodi noma igundane). Amadivayisi okukhipha anikeza umsebenzisi imiphumela, njengokuthi amamonitha, amaphrinta, noma izipikhaFuthi amadivayisi okufaka/okukhipha avumela imisebenzi yomibili, njenge-hard drive yangaphandle lapho sifunda futhi sibhala khona idatha.

Phakathi kwamadivayisi okugcina izinto avelele kakhulu, i-hard drive iyona yunithi eyinhloko kumakhompyutha amaningi. Ngaphakathi, amadiski omshini aqukethe amapuleti ensimbi amaningana ambozwe ngezinto ezisebenza ngogesi ezibizwa ngokuthi Zijikeleza ngesivinini esikhulu zizungeze i-axis ephakathi.

Ingalo enamakhanda okufunda/ukubhala ihamba phezu kwamapuleti ukuze ifinyelele idatha eqoshwe ezindaweni ezincane ezibizwa ngokuthi amathrekhi kanye nemikhakha. Ijubane lokujikeleza, elilinganiswa nge-rpm (ukuguquguquka ngomzuzu), lithinta ngqo isikhathi sokufinyelela kanye nokuthi idatha ingafinyelelwa ngokushesha kangakanani. idiski ingaletha ulwazi ohlelweni.

Sekuyiminyaka eminingi, ama-hard drive angu-3.600 rpm ayevamile; kamuva, ama-hard drive angu-5.400 rpm kanye no-7.200 rpm athandwa kakhulu, kanti emkhakheni wobungcweti, kwavela ama-hard drive angu-10.000 rpm noma ngaphezulu. Lapho ukhetha i-hard drive, kufanele ucabangele amandla ayo (GB noma TB) kanye nesivinini sayo, yize izinhlelo eziningi manje sezishintshele esivinini esiphezulu. Ama-drive e-SSD, angenazo izingxenye ezihambayo futhi ashesha kakhulu.

Ezingeni elinengqondo, ubuso bediski buhlelwe ngamathrekhi, imikhakha, kanye namaqoqo. Umkhakha ngamunye uvame ukugcina amabhayithi angu-512, kanti imikhakha eminingana yakha iqoqo, okuyi- iyunithi encane yesikhala uhlelo lokusebenza olungayabela ifayelaUma usayizi weqoqo likhulu, isikhala siyachithwa lapho kugcinwa amafayela amaningi amancane.

Isikhathi eside, amakhompyutha ayehlanganisa nama-CD-ROM nama-DVD read/write drive. Lawa ma-drive ayehluka ngesivinini sawo sokufunda nokubhala, esivezwa ngokuthi ukuphindaphinda (x) kwesivinini sesisekeloKuma-recorder, kwakuvamile ukubona amanani amathathu: isivinini sokufunda, isivinini sokubhala kabusha, kanye nesivinini sokurekhoda.

Endabeni yama-DVD, kwavela imidiya enezingqimba ezimbili evumela ukuthi idatha igcinwe ezingqimbeni ezimbili ezibekwe ngaphezulu, okuphinda kabili umthamo wediski. Ukufunda noma ukubhala lezi zakhiwo,... umfundi noma umbhali ohambisana nezingqimba ezimbiliEnye ipharamitha efanele kuma-recorder ubukhulu be-buffer yangaphakathi, esebenza njengesivikelo sokugwema ukuphazamisa ukugeleza kwedatha ngesikhathi sokurekhoda.

Amamonitha kanye nekhwalithi yesithombe

I-monitor iyi-peripheral eyinhloko yokukhipha kwe-PC, futhi ukuvela kwayo kube kukhulu kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva nje. Ama-monitor amadala e-CRT, asekelwe kumashubhu e-cathode ray, alinganiswa kakhulu nge usayizi wesikrini ngamasentimitha kanye nesilinganiso saso sokuvuselela ku-Hz, okwakubonisa ukuthi isithombe sidwetshwe kabusha kangaki ngomzuzwana.

Imvamisa eyayiphansi kakhulu yayibangela ukucwayiza nokucindezeleka kwamehlo, ngakho-ke ama-Hz angu-60 nangaphezulu abhekwa njengamukelekayo, futhi akhululeke kakhudlwana lapho esondela kuma-Hz angu-75 noma angu-85. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "iphimbo lamachashazi" kwakubalulekile, isilinganiso esihlobene ibanga eliphakathi kwamachashazi e-phosphor akha isithombe, okwathonya ubukhali.

Ngokufika kwezikrini ezisicaba ze-TFT kanye ne-LCD, indlela yokusebenza yashintsha. Lawa ma-monitor awaphazamisi njenge-CRTs, kodwa anezinye izici okufanele azicabangele: isixazululo sendabuko, usayizi, uhlobo lwephaneli, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, Isikhathi sokuphendula silinganiswa ngama-millisecondIsikhathi sokuphendula esiphezulu singabangela imizila noma "izipoki" ngemuva kwezinto ezihamba ngokushesha.

Isikhathi sokuphendula esiphansi (njenge-5 ms noma ngaphansi) sibhekwa njengesifanelekile ngezikrini ze-LCD ukugwema imizila ebonakalayo lapho uhambisa igundane noma udlala imidlalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lawa maphaneli asebenza kangcono ngesivinini sawo. Isixazululo sendabuko; uma kuphoqelelwa esinye, isithombe silahlekelwa ubukhali futhi sibonakale sifiphele..

Namuhla sithola nezikrini ze-LED, OLED, 3D ezinamazinga aphezulu okuvuselela (144 Hz, 240 Hz, njll.), ezenzelwe ikakhulukazi imidlalo yokuncintisana noma umsebenzi wokuhlela odinga umzamo omkhulu. Uma ukhetha ikrini, kubalulekile ukulinganisela izici ezifana nosayizi, isixazululo, izinga lokuvuselela, uhlobo lwephaneli, kanye nokuxhumeka. ukuzivumelanisa nokusetshenziswa okuyinhloko esizokunikeza i-PC.

Ukunakekelwa nokuhlanza ihadiwe yekhompyutha

Ngaphandle kokuqonda izingxenye zehadiwe, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ikhompyutha idinga ukulungiswa njalo. Uma isetshenziswa, uthuli luyaqoqana ngaphakathi kombhoshongo, luvale imigodi yomoya kanye namaphiko e-heatsink, futhi lugcwalise amafeni ngothuli, okuyinto kunciphisa kakhulu amandla okupholisa esistimuYingakho kufanele ufunde thuthukisa ukuhamba komoya kwe-PC yakho.

Uma lokhu kwenzeka, izingxenye zisebenza emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, amafeni aphoqeleka ukujikeleza ngokushesha, futhi imishini iqala ukuba nomsindo kakhulu kunokujwayelekile. Uma lesi simo siqhubeka isikhathi eside, ukushisa okukhulu kungadala kubangela ukuphahlazeka, ukuvalwa okungalindelekile, noma ngisho nokulimaza unomphela i-CPU, ikhadi lehluzo, noma ukunikezwa kwamandla.

Ngakho-ke, kungumqondo omuhle ukuvala i-PC yakho ngezikhathi ezithile, uyikhiphe, bese uvula ikesi ukuze ihlanzwe kahle. Usebenzisa umoya ocindezelwe, amabhulashi alwa nokungaguquguquki, kanye nokubekezela okuncane, ungasusa uthuli kanye ne-lint ku... amafeni, ama-grille, izihlungi, ama-heatsink kanye nezindawo ezibalulekile zebhodi lomama.

Kungumqondo omuhle futhi ukuhlola isimo se-thermal paste phakathi kwe-CPU ne-heatsink yayo, uqinisekise ukuthi wonke amafeni ayajikeleza ngaphandle kwemisindo engavamile, bese uhlola izintambo zangaphakathi. Azivimbi ukuhamba komoya kusuka kubalandeli bangaphambili kuya ngemuva naphezulu kwekhava..

Ngalezi zinyathelo zokuphepha, kanye nokukhetha okuhle kwezingxenye ezilinganisiwe (i-microprocessor, i-RAM, ikhadi lehluzo, i-hard drive kanye ne-motherboard — bheka eyethu umhlahlandlela wesabelomali sokudlala imidlalo ye-PC), lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhompyutha ihlala ithule, ipholile, futhi isebenza kahle iminyaka eminingi, igwema isimo esivamile se- ukufaka "injini kanokusho" ku-chassis engalungile okunciphisa iphakethe lonke.

Ngokuqonda ukuthi ulwazi lugcinwa futhi ludluliselwa kanjani ngama-bits nama-byte, imisebenzi ye-CPU, i-RAM, i-motherboard, amabhasi, ama-disk drive, kanye nama-peripherals, kanye nokunakekelwa okuvamile njengokuhlanza nokungenisa umoya, kuba lula kakhulu ukwenza izinqumo ezinengqondo lapho kuhlanganiswa, kuthuthukiswa, noma kugcinwa i-PC, ngaleyo ndlela kufezwe umshini olinganiselayo nothembekile ohlala isikhathi eside kakhulu.